Counselor Role in Special Education Essay

My impression of the school counselor’s job in a custom curriculum is that it to a great extent reflects the job exemplified for all understudies, yet with some additional contemplations and joint efforts for the exceptional needs understudy. My comprehension is that a school advisor ought to be accessible to all understudies for individual, moral, scholastic, profession, and social exhortation; to tune in to a student’s perspective; to manage any psychological well-being issues that may emerge for an understudy; to enable an understudy to get ready for advances; to advocate for an understudy in a given circumstance, and to whatever degree conceivable, show the understudy to advocate for himself. An advocate must be focused on helping all understudies arrive at their maximum capacity; yet for understudies with inabilities and other exceptional needs, a school instructor needs to achieve this despite additional difficulties. These errands and preliminaries are not constrained to those introduced by the shifting handicaps of a kid, however incorporate the requests of fulfilling the authoritative and lawful prerequisites of an instructor serving understudies with unique needs. Today’s school guide is probably going to be associated with a student’s individualized instruction program (IEP) when one is justified. As indicated by the Ohio Department of Education’s Office for Exceptional Children, at any rate one of the IEP colleagues should be a person who has information or unique aptitude in regards to the youngster. This individual is notwithstanding the child’s normal and specialized curriculum educators, a head/collaborator head or other ranking staff part, the guardians, the school therapist, and the youngster (if proper) required to partake in the group. The school guide, at the attentiveness of the parent or the school region, might be incorporated as an individual from the IEP group in the event that they have uncommon understanding in regards to the kid. A school advisor will fill in as a feature of a multidisciplinary group inside the school and network in adjusting and offering types of assistance for the exceptional needs understudy. Without yet having been presented to a practicum or temporary job understanding as a school advisor, I see this bit of the outstanding task at hand to be possibly sensitive and complex. A parent may have a perspective unique from that which is canvassed in the Evaluation Team Report (ETR), bringing about an all-inclusive distinguishing proof procedure. School staff individuals may have differentiating sentiments with respect to whether a kid needs specialized curriculum and an IEP, or just lodging secured under a 504 Plan. Most importantly the distinguishing proof group must work cooperatively, with an absence of sense of self, in surveying and figuring out what measures are to the greatest advantage of helping the kid to be fruitful in school. It appears that the most troublesome part of a school counselor’s work is to discover a parity in overseeing such a large number of duties in each given day. Reacting to the remarkable difficulties of extraordinary needs understudies can both increase and supplement the remaining burden. I figure much can be picked up expertly, by and by, and genuinely by grasping that duty. A decent instructor should train the custom curriculum understudies going to her school about flexibility, inward quality, positive personality, and a feeling of direction. In the general terms of the expert school counselor’s job, I accept that the most important administrations to be given in the custom curriculum domain are: †¢ Individual Student Planning †convey exclusive requirements and help incapacitated understudies set up close to home objectives for each school year and their future achievement. Acclimate oneself with the shifting learning styles of the understudies who have incapacities, and work consultatively with instructors to improve their presentation typically and scholastically. Be an ardent promoter for these understudies and their post-auxiliary alternatives; help make open doors for them. †¢ Responsive Services †execute counteraction or potentially mediation exercises like individual and gathering advising, give referrals, encourage better companion relations, and backer for them. Direct needs evaluations to distinguish likely efficient, automatic, and attitudinal regions for change so as to make positive situations for their learning. Help instructors in keeping steady over 504 and IEP housing/intercessions, being set up to investigate if certain measures are not empowering understudy to perform ideally. †¢ School Guidance Curriculum †creating and conveying an educational plan of organized exercises to enable each distinguished understudy to accomplish wanted social and scholarly results. An advisor could execute an understudy advancement educational program intended to improve normal students’ comprehension of and affectability to their extraordinary needs’ peers.

Anglo American Tradition Of Liberalization â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Anglo American Tradition Of Liberalization? Answer: Introducation The idea of the social incorporation and the prohibition are firmly identified with one another. The scientists have made it troublesome by giving a cozy connection between the two one can be characterized without the other, as their ideas are more and less comparable. This has been given that the purviews have given a type of mark to the plan of the social arrangements for the social incorporation as the inclinations are given to the social type of the prohibition (Bradford 2014). The idea of the social prohibition can have various types of implications that have been subject to the national and the ideological type of setting that have been utilized. For examples, the silver consistently will in general draw the consideration towards successful type of contrasts for the social prohibition that is comprehended and are additionally utilized in the French republican and the old English American convention of progression. Notwithstanding, it has been demonstrated by the idea of the French Republican that the social depletion is viewed as result starting from the break in the social servitude that exists among people and the general public (Wang et al. 2016). This is on the grounds that the of the national type of solidarity that are attached to the political type of rights and the obligations that the state is believed to have a portion of the duty towards bringing back the individuals who have a portion of the duties towards taking back to the overlay. In the differentiation, as indicated by the radicalism of the Anglo Americans, the request for the general public does comprises of the systems that are been self-ruling to the people for their own advantages and the advantages. In any case, whenever there are odds of the social prohibitions, it has been commonly observed that people unseemly extracting the decisions and the inclinations are been prematurely ended (Wang et al. 2016). Social rejection is characterized to be the absence of the open door for cooperation in the social, financial and the political life. The need has an open door that can be useful for the interest in the vital type of assets, rights, products and the administrations. The majority of the meanings of the additionally alludes for the multi dimensional characters for the hardship. . The social type of consideration are an aftereffect of the blend of the connected and the commonly strengthened issues that incorporates joblessness, restricted wellspring of training, the low pace of salary, poor office of lodging, poor type of wellbeing and breakdown in the family. As per this setting the social type of the rejections can be separated from the idea of destitution that centers around the budgetary type of prosperity and the sufficiency in the utilization and the paces of pay. It tends to be contended that the social avoidance underlines comprehensively over the distinctive type of the bases of the hindrances that prompts the ideas that are being grasped by different social type of strategy hovers and by the scientists who manages the control the executives of destitution. What's more, it has been noticed that the sexual orientation imbalance has been a significant issue that are viewed as a prevailing component for the social incorporation and prohibition. The sex and the social disparity are known to be the limitations for the monetary development and the inquires about that shows that the advantages from the activity for the decrease from destitution and the decrease activities have been inconsistent in type of imparting to the ladies and the populace that are been minimized (Hui, Lee and Wang 2015). Notwithstanding, it has been seen that in certain nations the efficiency increments by 25% it despite everything forbids the ladies from entering the workforce. A few investigations have discovered that the training of ladies can support their wages and the imbalances of the sexual orientation in the fields of instruction and that are been related with the negative type of the financial outcomes. In the sub Saharan Africa, the ladies and the young ladies who are in the low salary nations goes through 40 billion hours consistently for gathering water (Hui, Lee and Wang 2015). The acknowledgment of the sex and the different types of the im balance in the general public is a type of limitations that are noteworthy for the development of the economy and the decrease in the degree of neediness. In any case, the MCC have submitted the advancement of the equity of the sexual orientation and the types of the consideration in the general public with the works that incorporates the organizations with the general public that are respectful and for the private parts, and their joining for the social and the examination of the sex are over the different types of the compacts. Explained Bibliography Mitchell, D., 2014.What truly works in unique and comprehensive training: Using proof based educating systems. Routledge. This article centers around World highest point for the Social advancement that was held in the year 1995 and that has set up an idea of the social mix for making the comprehensive society. The Copenhagen Declaration of the Program of the Action, those have the key result for the Summit, that have swore for making the annihilation of the neediness, the full type of the work and the social mix for superseding for the targets and the turn of events. The individuals from the states that made by the dedication for advancement of the social joining for cultivating the comprehensive of the general public. The Author likewise incorporates that the equivalent type of access to the data in the open assumes a fundamental job that have been made that are comprehensive in the general public that will make a mainstream type of the support that are conceivable and that are very much educated part regarding the general public. The data that enters in the general public has what the network claims and creates for the advantages that are been accessible for all the people. The aggregate types of cooperation have through the acknowledged type of the portrayals for all the classes and the foundations in the arranging and the usage of the network that are to be arranged. The creator additionally centers around the job of the broad communications being a viable instrument for instructing and illuminating the different individuals from the general public. References Bradford, B., 2014. Policing and social personality: Procedural equity, incorporation and participation among police and public.Policing and society,24(1), pp.22-43. Daly, A., Gong, C.H., Dugdale, A. also, Abello, A., 2014. Social Inclusion of Australian Children in the Digital Age.E-Governance and Social Inclusion: Concepts and Cases, pp.164-181. Dell'Olio, F., 2017.The Europeanization of citizenship: between the belief system of nationality, movement and European character. Routledge. Hui, C., Lee, C. also, Wang, H., 2015. Hierarchical incitements and representative citizenship conduct: The intervening job of apparent insider status and the directing job of collectivism.Human Resource Management,54(3), pp.439-456. Mitchell, D., 2014.What truly works in uncommon and comprehensive training: Using proof based educating methodologies. Routledge. Raj, F., 2017.Transport, request the executives and social consideration: The requirement for ethnic points of view. Routledge. Wang, H., Tong, L., Takeuchi, R. what's more, George, G., 2016. Corporate social duty: A diagram and new research headings topical issue on corporate social responsibility.Academy of Management Journal,59(2), pp.534-544.

Apple iPad 3G Available On May 7

Apple iPad 3G Available On May 7 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Apple iPad 3G Available On May 7Updated On 25/12/2010Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : iPadShort URL : http://hbb.me/12K1ph0 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogApple recently announced that the 3G version of the iPad model will be made available on May 7, 2010. I came to know about this launch from Apple Online Store.It is believed that both the Wi-Fi and 3G capable models will be available from day one.iPad is available in a Wi-Fi + 3G model for fast and better cellular network access when you are not within the range of Wi-Fi network. I also came to know that you can sign up for 3G service through your iPad and you can monitor the data usage. You can also change your plan any time.Prices Of The Apple iPad 3G Models : 1. 16 GB : 629.00 USD2. 32 GB : 729.00 USD3. 64 GB : 829.00 USDFor Indians and people outside the U.S. the wait for the iPad continues.READApple's New iPad 2 TV Advertisement [VIDEO]

Battle of Hastings and Williams Conquest

The Battle of Hastings was part of the invasions of England that followed the death of King Edward the Confessor in 1066.  William of Normandys victory at Hastings occurred on October 14, 1066. Armies and Commanders Normans William of NormandyOdo of Bayeux7,000-8,000 men Anglo-Saxons Harold Godwinson7,000-8,000 men Background: With the death of King Edward the Confessor in early 1066, the throne of England fell into dispute with multiple individuals stepping forward as claimants. Shortly after Edwards death, the English nobles presented the crown to Harold Godwinson, a powerful local lord. Accepting, he was crowned as King Harold II. His ascension to the throne was immediately challenged by William of Normandy and Harold Hardrada of Norway who felt they had superior claims. Both began assembling armies and fleets with the goal of supplanting Harold. Gathering his men at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, William initially hoped to cross the Channel in mid-August. Due to foul weather, his departure was delayed and Hardrada arrived in England first. Landing in the north, he won an initial victory at Gate Fulford on September 20, 1066, but was defeated and killed by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. While Harold and his army were recovering from the battle, William landed at Pevensey on September 28. Establishing a base near Hastings, his men constructed a wooden palisade and commenced raiding the countryside. To counter this, Harold raced south with his battered army, arriving on October 13. The Armies Form William and Harold were familiar with each other as they had fought together in France and some sources, such as the Bayeux Tapestry, suggest that the English lord had sworn an oath to support the Norman dukes claim to Edwards throne while in his service. Deploying his army, which was largely composed of infantry, Harold assumed a position along Senlac Hill astride the Hastings-London road. In this location, his flanks were protected by woods and streams with some marshy ground to their front right. With the army in line along the top of the ridge, the Saxons formed a shield wall and waited for the Normans to arrive. Moving north from Hastings, Williams army appeared on the battlefield on the morning of Saturday October 14. Arraying his army into three battles, composed of infantry, archers, and crossbowmen, William moved to attack the English. The center battle consisted of Normans under Williams direct control while the troops to his left were largely Bretons led by Alan Rufus.  The right battle was made up of French soldiers and was commanded by William FitzOsbern and Count Eustace of Boulogne. Williams initial plan called for his archers to weaken Harolds forces with arrows, then for infantry and cavalry assaults to break through the enemy line (Map). William Triumphant This plan began to fail from the outset as the archers were unable to inflict damage due to the Saxons high position on the ridge and the protection offered by the shield wall. They were further hampered by a shortage of arrows as the English lacked archers.  As a result, there were no arrows to gather and reuse. Ordering his infantry forward, William soon saw it pelted with spears and other projectiles which inflicted heavy casualties. Faltering, the infantry withdrew and the Norman cavalry moved in to attack. This too was beaten back with the horses having difficulty climbing the steep ridge. As his attack was failing, Williams left battle, composed primarily of Bretons, broke and fled back down the ridge. It was pursued by many of the English, who had left the safety of the shield wall to continue the killing. Seeing an advantage, William rallied his cavalry and cut down the counterattacking English. Though the English rallied on a small hillock, they were ultimately overwhelmed. As the day progressed, William continued his attacks, possibly feigning several retreats, as his men slowly wore down the English. Late in the day, some sources indicate that William altered his tactics and ordered his archers to shoot at a higher angle so that their arrows fell on those behind the shield wall. This proved lethal for Harolds forces and his men began to fall. Legend states that he was hit in the eye with an arrow and killed. With the English taking casualties, William ordered an assault which finally broke through the shield wall. If Harold was not struck by an arrow, he died during this attack. With their line broken and king dead, the many of the English fled with only Harolds personal bodyguard fighting on until the end. Battle of Hastings Aftermath In the Battle of Hastings it is believed that William lost approximately 2,000 men, while the English suffered around 4,000. Among the English dead was King Harold as well as his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine. Though the Normans were defeated in the Malfosse immediately after the Battle of Hastings, the English did not meet them again in a major battle. After pausing two weeks at Hastings to recover and wait for the English nobles to come and submit to him, William began marching north towards London. After enduring a dysentery outbreak, he was reinforced and closed on the capital. As he approached London, the English nobles came and submitted to William, crowning him king on Christmas Day 1066. Williams invasion marks the last time that Britain was conquered by an outside force and earned him the nickname the Conqueror.

How Harrison Won the Election of 1840

The election of 1840 was fueled by slogans, songs, and alcohol, and in some ways that distant election can be considered  the precursor of the modern presidential campaign. The incumbent was a man of sophisticated political skills. He had served in a variety of offices and put together the coalition that brought Andrew Jackson to the White House. And his challenger was elderly and infirm, with qualifications that were questionable. But that didnt matter. Talk of log cabins and hard cider and an obscure battle from decades earlier culminated in a landslide that turned out the incumbent, Martin Van Buren, and brought an aging and sickly politician, William Henry Harrison, into the White House. Background of the 1840 Presidential Election What really set the stage for the 1840 election was a colossal financial crisis devastating  the nation. After the eight years of Andrew Jackson’s presidency, Jackson’s vice president, the lifelong politician Martin Van Buren of New York, was elected in 1836. And the following year the country was rocked by the Panic of 1837, one of a series of financial panics of the 19th century. Van Buren was hopelessly ineffective in handling the crisis. As banks and businesses failed, and an economic depression dragged on, Van Buren took the blame. Sensing an opportunity, the Whig Party sought a candidate to challenge Van Burens reelection and selected a man whose career had peaked decades earlier. William Henry Harrison, the Whig Candidate Though he would be portrayed as a rustic frontiersman, William Henry Harrison, who was born in Virginia in 1773, actually came from what might be called Virginia nobility. His father, Benjamin Harrison, had been a signer of the Declaration of Independence and later served as governor of Virginia. In his youth, William Henry Harrison had received a classical education in Virginia. After deciding against a career in medicine he joined the military, receiving an officer’s commission signed by President George Washington. Harrison was posted to what was then called the Northwest Territory and served as the territorial governor of Indiana from 1800 to 1812. When Indians led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh rose up against the American settlers and allied with the British in the War of 1812, Harrison fought them. Harrison’s forces killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames, in Canada. However, a previous battle, Tippecanoe, though not considered a great triumph at the time, would become part of American political lore years later. His Indian fighting days behind him, Harrison settled in Ohio and served terms in the House of Representatives and the Senate. And in 1836, he ran against Martin Van Buren for the presidency and lost. The Whigs nominated Harrison as the partys presidential candidate in 1840. One obvious point in his favor was that he wasn’t closely associated with any of the controversies gripping the nation, and his candidacy, therefore, didnt offend any particular groups of voters. Image Making Entered American Politics in 1840 The supporters of Harrison began creating an image of him as a war hero, and touted his experience at the Battle of Tippecanoe, 28 years earlier. While it’s true that Harrison had been the commander at that battle against the Indians, he had actually been criticized for his actions at the time. The Shawnee warriors had surprised his troops, and casualties had been high for the soldiers under Harrison’s command. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! In 1840 the details of that long-ago battle were forgotten. And when John Tyler of Virginia was nominated as Harrison’s running mate, the classic American political slogan was born: â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! The Log Cabin Candidate The Whigs also promoted Harrison as the log cabin candidate. He was portrayed in woodcut illustrations as residing in a humble log cabin on the western frontier, a fact that was contradicted by his birth as something of a Virginia aristocrat. The log cabin became a commonplace symbol of Harrisons candidacy. In its collection of materials related to the 1840 Harrison campaign, the Smithsonian Institution has a wooden model of a log cabin that was carried in torchlight parades. Campaign Songs Entered American Politics in 1840 Harrison’s campaign in 1840 was noteworthy not just for slogans, but for songs. A number of campaign ditties were quickly composed and sold by sheet music publishers. Some examples can be viewed at the Library of Congress (on these pages, click the view this item link): Tippecanoe and Tyler TooThe Tippecanoe Club Quick StepOld Tippecanoe’s Raisin’The Invincible Old Tippecanoe Alcohol Fueled the 1840 Presidential Campaign The Democrats supporting Martin Van Buren scoffed at the image created of William Henry Harrison and derided him by saying Harrison was an old man who would be content to sit in his log cabin and drink hard cider. The Whigs neutralized that attack by embracing it, and took to saying that Harrison was the hard cider candidate. A popular legend is that a Philadelphia distiller named E.C. Booz provided hard cider to distribute at rallies of Harrison supporters. That may be true, but a story that Boozs name gave the English language the word booze is a tall tale. The word actually existed for centuries before Harrison and his hard cider campaign. The Hard Cider and Log Cabin Candidate Won the Election Harrison avoided discussion of the issues, and let his campaign based on hard cider and log cabins proceed. And it worked, as Harrison won in an electoral landslide. The 1840 campaign was notable for being the first campaign with slogans and songs, but the victor holds another distinction: the shortest term in office of any American president. William Henry Harrison took the oath of office on March 4, 1841, and delivered the longest inaugural address in history. On a very cold day, the 68-year-old Harrison spoke for two hours on the steps of the Capitol. He developed pneumonia and never recovered. One month later he was dead, becoming the first American president to die in office. Tyler Too Became President After Harrisons Death Harrisons running mate, John Tyler, became the first vice president to ascend to the presidency upon the death of a president. Tylers administration was lackluster, and he was derided as the accidental president. As for William Henry Harrison, his place in history was secured not by his fleeting presidential tenure, but for being the first presidential candidate whose campaign featured slogans, songs, and a carefully manufactured image.

George Orwell s Animal Farm - 908 Words

George Orwell’s novel ‘Animal Farm’, published in 1945, has an overarching theme of power and corruption. In the novel, once certain animals were given the opportunity to control the rest of the animals of the farm, the hierarchy was twisted for the leaders’ nefarious purposes. Misery quickly ensued. The governing animals became corrupted and nasty, while the controlled population was oppressed and miserable, forced to obey the controllers whims. This novel has much relevant social commentary on issues related to discriminatory power. Orwell believed that unjust power corrupted the minds of both the oppressed and the oppressors. People that are given unjust power based on prejudicial laws begin to feel validified in their actions, and in turn transform into monsters who question nothing of the validity of these laws. On the other hand, those who these laws oppress take the brunt of cruelty in these ordinances. These individuals are brutalized by physically, and mentally - leaving it extremely difficult to fight back against these oppressive actions. It is evident that discriminatory certainly can transform everyone involved. Oppressive unjust laws based on biases very often have negative consequences on the oppressed, as well as the oppressors. It is often that the targeted group of an unjust law that suffer the most harmful consequences. Along with physical abuse, the oppressed also suffer mental abuse - leaving them feeling as they are deserving of these fates simplyShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1361 Words   |  6 Pagesfarmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the english countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master Mr.Jones in order to represent the russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communi st societies oppress the working class as a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concerned. TsarRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm958 Words   |  4 PagesImagine that you were an animal s or citizen living under Napoleon or Stalin rule and the fear that your life can be taken always from you at any time. In the novel of Animal Farm, George Orwell he wanted to show how a book is a sarcasm of the Russian Revolution during the communist years and the satire of that time between Trotsky and Stalin. Where Orwell chose to create his character base of the common people of Russia at the time of the Revolution. Animal Farm is a social or allegory about NapoleonRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1392 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell Never Misuses Words In what was a vastly controversial novel published in 1945, George Orwell’s Animal Farm describes the horrific brand of communism in the Soviet Union and the conscious blindness that most of the West accepted at that time. Although Orwell labeled Animal Farm as a fairy tale, this historically parallel novel branches into the genres of political satire, fable, and allegory as well. What made Animal Farm so controversial among the â€Å"British socialists† and WesternRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Major’s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleon’s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleon’s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwell’s AnimalRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm922 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the wisest boar of the farm, Old Major, mimics Karl Marx, the â€Å"Father of Communism,† and Vladimir Lenin, a Russian communist revolutionary. George Orwell introduces direct parallels between the respected figures through their mutual ideas of equality and profoundly appreciated qualities. Furthermore, his utilization of dialect and descriptions represent the key ideas of the novel. Throughout the novel, Orwell continues to show comparisons betweenRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbut of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm, George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the English countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master, Mr.Jones. Orwell does this to represent the Russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communist societi es oppress the working class. As a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concernedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1645 Words   |  7 PagesPeople respond to control and power differently for various reasons, however, one of the main reasons is based on their personality; their confidence and intelligence. In, Animal Farm by George Orwell, confidence and intelligence is a big factor for why certain animals obtained power and control and why other ones did not. People with confidence and intelligence are likely to gain most of the control and power. People with little intelligence, but lots of confidence are more likely to have someRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion minus the answer.† In George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the author raises the question whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literary devicesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their â€Å"dictator† Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. Their problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, the animals overthrow their human oppressors and free themselves from humanity. With his new freedom Napoleon craves power and expels Snowball. He becomes the dictator of Animal Farm and makes the farm a place whereRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell believes â€Å"What you get over and over again is a movement of the proletaria t which is promptly characterized and betrayed by astute people at the top and then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never arrives is equality† (Letemendia 1). Orwell simply loathes revolution and thinks it is unfair to the majority, for the people. He thinks that while individuals change, the people in power are always corrupt and they will corrupt any attempt at change. He communicates

All the Difference free essay sample

I want you to know that I still love you, if Its possible, even more so than the day you passed. It hasnt been an easy two years since you departed this world, I lost my path to that of darkness, the very thing we fought so hard against. I apologize to you, I disgraced everything we love about each other, all that we stand for, I fell into evils hold. I hope you can forgive me for my mistakes, even tho0ugh they are many, and there effect has been profound. What bothers me most is that Ive thrown everything we were in your face; after yo passed away, I crumbled into oblivion, taking our plans and actions and used them against our own construction. I ask for forgiveness, because in order to really move on, I need to know that you are willing to restore our love to what it once was, to continue to love me with all your heart. We will write a custom essay sample on All the Difference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am ready to move on, ready t accept that you are gone, but a part of our love will always remain, because love is thicker than blood. I want to pick up were we left off, to be a art of the solution, to help create a world that is closer to a utopia. I cant help but to imagine how far we would have been had you not passed, yet I have set us back, and now intend to once more push forth, to put in action our plans. I know I can do i, and it will be the most difficult thing ever done, but I must be the one to do it, because I am the only one who has been born into Its destiny. I will give my life to our cause, our plans, because in my heart, Its the right thing to do, the only road that will lead to something better, for all of those who will come after me. I must give everything I have for the possibility that others may feel the way we do, and to give them the security to do what we have. I am ready to change the world into a better place, a place where love exists in all places, al l over the world, where weapons are lied down to be replaced with peace. I will do it, I will teach others to do it, and together we will help world become a better place. I will let nothing stand in my way, like you let nothing stand in yours, and I, like you, will sacrifice my life for this belief, and when my time comes, we will once more join hands, and look back at a world in which we have made all the difference.

Ethical Issues in the Contemporary Society an Example by

Ethical Issues in the Contemporary Society In the contemporary times, moral and ethical upbringing of people is put into question for several reasons. The main concern is directed towards the issue of whether is it justifiable to sacrifice obedience to moral standards for the sake of pressing needs of the modern world. In this regards, ethical dilemmas are most likely faced by almost every individual in their everyday dealings. Need essay sample on "Ethical Issues in the Contemporary Society" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Usually Tell EssayLab writers: Like, I know I gotta write my essay about gay marriage, but snowboarding it calls me EssayLab specialists recommend: It Is Very Easy And Convenient To Buy Essays Online How To Write A College PaperHow To Write An Essay FastMake An Essay For MePay For PapersPaper Writing HelpPay For EssayType My EssayOrder Essay Online The ethical issues in the contemporary society vary according to the different needs of mankind. In politics and world governance, it is deemed that in order to pursue and obtain such endeavor, it should be the case that power, authority and influence are established by the person who aspires to be in the sphere of politics. In governing or maintaining economy, those who seek for economic dominance must be of course those who have large access to money or in short financially well-off. When it comes to technological ascendency, a person who most likely becomes successful on it has the knowledge on as well as access to scientific and modernity aspects. All in all, in pursuing these sorts of contemporary needs of mankind, one should be able to have access on power, which is logical in nature. For example in pursuing the political needs, specifically in world dominance, the United States is regarded as the sole superpower of the world (though some countries have started to climb the ladder in lieu of world governance like China, Japan, and United Kingdom). It is known to other nations the current policy of the U.S. against terrorism. The ethical problem her is that is to what extent should America employ this policy? Other countries perceive the attitude of such policy as something that would threaten the place of human rights not only in within America but also on other nations. The U.S. desire to maintain the power that she holds today somehow, or consequently, motivates her to topple down impending adversaries that may put her down in the future. With regards to economic needs, many nations are now being dependent on financially well-off countries like the Unites States and Japan for economic support (like the OEDA or Overseas Economic Development Assistance). However, the controversy on the spread of democratization on countries who seek for economic support is now being debated whether such is morally right or not or if not how would it affect the moral traditions of these countries which are in need of economic support. Logically, when democratization has finally penetrated these culturally inclined nations, their traditions, at any rate, would be affected (especially those nations in the Asian regions. Also for economic needs, the U. S. current healthcare system policy is being questioned. Is it morally right to pass the burden of providing quality healthcare service to private institutions by the public government? In the current policy, only 25% of the U.S. budget is allocated for healthcare services. The U.S. government has passed its obligation on providing updated and quality healthcare service to private institutions particularly on the business sector. But how about those people who are unemployed? How could they access on such kind of healthcare? In technological needs, people need to be more familiar and knowledgeable on things that work by means of computer or the likes. In this manner, people also learned the significant advantages that computers and modern gadgets have brought to the society particularly in these contemporary and post-modern times. By just one click, one could already communicate with other people in different parts of the world. By just downloading, all information could be obtained. It seems like everything is possible with the advent of more advanced technologies. Yet, intellectual crimes are mounting due to this advancement in technology. Pornography is extensive and prevalent in various websites. Internet, nowadays, are even used for terrorism and other plots for hostile activities. Hence, one critic has claimed, as technology develops, moral uprightness declines. To sum up and conclude, ethical issues are prevalent in the contemporary times. People need to undergo moral or ethical check-up to evaluate the level of their moral uprightness. Though it is a common issue that needs drive and motivate people to disregard some ethical and moral standards, it should not be maintained as such. Necessity is never an equivalence of morality. What could be practicable may not be moral or ethical. Yet the choice is still on the hands of the people. By following the virtue of moderation, need for power, authority, influence, and money could be regulated. By upholding the concept of justice everyone would know his or her function in the society and would not be mislead to act unjustly. The world has been evolving. Yet, let us not allow our morals be left out by such change in whatever aspects it may serve. References Howie, J. & Schedler, G. (2005). Ethical Issues in Contemporary Society (Third ed.). Southern Illinois University Press. Johnson, J.T. (2001). Morality and Contemporary Warfare. Yale University Press.

s Music

Folk Music in India While putting together the performance of â€Å"The Raja’s Secret† was fun, it also was a lot of hard work. Each member was vital in making our performance a success. Helena did not only organize the group paper, but she also played the lead role as the Raja. Both Laurie and Adrian were in charge of the props which allowed the play to come to life. They also were the woodcutter and guard respectively. Erin and Lauren served as the costume managers and as the tree and Manji respectively. Sarah was in charge of the songs for entry into the play as well as being the narrator. I was in charge of checking the group requirements to make sure nothing was missed as well as acting as the Royal Musician in the play. We all worked very well together and kept our group organized so that we could present our country, India, in the best fashion possible. By participating in this project, I learned a lot about the music of India and how to perform a play. I found out about the different instruments used and the attire they wear. I also realized that it isn’t as intimidating as I thought it would be to perform in front of the class. I also now know that group projects aren’t as bad as they used to be in the past. Music in the villages is learned almost immediately. From childhood the music is heard. There are numerous public activities that allow the villagers to practice and polish their skills. These are the normal functions which match village life with the earth. The music is a fundamental component of functions such as weddings, engagements, and births. There is a surplus of songs for such occasions. There are also many songs associated with planting and harvesting. In these activities the villagers routinely sing of their hopes, fears and aspirations. The instruments in India are very important to the music. Folk instruments are commonly crafted by the musicians themselves. It is very common ... 's Music Free Essays on India And It\'s Music Folk Music in India While putting together the performance of â€Å"The Raja’s Secret† was fun, it also was a lot of hard work. Each member was vital in making our performance a success. Helena did not only organize the group paper, but she also played the lead role as the Raja. Both Laurie and Adrian were in charge of the props which allowed the play to come to life. They also were the woodcutter and guard respectively. Erin and Lauren served as the costume managers and as the tree and Manji respectively. Sarah was in charge of the songs for entry into the play as well as being the narrator. I was in charge of checking the group requirements to make sure nothing was missed as well as acting as the Royal Musician in the play. We all worked very well together and kept our group organized so that we could present our country, India, in the best fashion possible. By participating in this project, I learned a lot about the music of India and how to perform a play. I found out about the different instruments used and the attire they wear. I also realized that it isn’t as intimidating as I thought it would be to perform in front of the class. I also now know that group projects aren’t as bad as they used to be in the past. Music in the villages is learned almost immediately. From childhood the music is heard. There are numerous public activities that allow the villagers to practice and polish their skills. These are the normal functions which match village life with the earth. The music is a fundamental component of functions such as weddings, engagements, and births. There is a surplus of songs for such occasions. There are also many songs associated with planting and harvesting. In these activities the villagers routinely sing of their hopes, fears and aspirations. The instruments in India are very important to the music. Folk instruments are commonly crafted by the musicians themselves. It is very common ...

Non-Verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-Verbal Communication - Essay Example It is a fact that the nonverbal communication presents the truth in entirety and nothing else. Nonverbal communication is pertinent since it is now being studied by people more than the verbal form of communication and it has more meaning and implication than the latter. Thus it is a wholly different field altogether and one that requires strict attention, more so by the speakers and those personalities who have a definitive say within the society’s different undertakings and decisions. Nonverbal communication started to come to the notice of people when they understood that it aids in making the clarity of the verbal communication possible. Thus nonverbal communication is cohesive alongside the verbal form of communication. It gives the people something to ponder upon since the facilitation process of nonverbal communication is strong in line with the verbal communication forms. ... Nonverbal communication could be studied in entirely an opposite manner since the usual manner in which a person might exhibit his verbal form of communication ends up being starkly against what he demonstrates in his nonverbal form. What this means is that a person might experience a bit of problem at the hands of expressing his mind and his tongue would say one thing while his hands and eyes transmit a completely different message. The element of understanding how a person makes use of his nonverbal communication regimes is essential for the audience since it presents to him the amount of truth which comes to the fore as well as deceit and lie that is hidden deep beneath the very same. Also nonverbal communication was deemed as important from the studying and understanding perspective when it started to have an impact within the lives of the people in a very direct way. What this means was the fact that nonverbal communication makes a presenter look different and stand out in his o wn right within the people to whom he is presenting his message. It could also mar his confidence and make him look illogical and irrational at the same time. This happens if he is not prepared to face the battle that comes his way in the form of the communication process. The tension that one goes through whilst delivering a public speech summarizes the fears that a commoner might have on a consistent basis. Nonverbal Communication Elements and Metaphors Moving further ahead with the discussion, the different elements of nonverbal communication include the gestures, emotions, actions, body language, posture, facial expressions, eye contact and so on.

Theories to Todays Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories to Todays Organizations - Essay Example Nowadays, business organizations look at the employee in a different perspective by seeing him not just as a mere resource used in production but a strategic partner for the attainment of the various organizational goals. Thus, companies have made the leap in motivating employees through the use of positive reinforcement, non-monetary benefits, highly-conducive working environment, rewarding career, and programs which further boost their strengths and competencies. Dell, Inc. has been regarded as one of the best organizations to work for in terms the motivational techniques that it put in place to ensure company-wide efficiency. It should be noted that Dell practices employee empowerment in order to communicate its trust and confidence in the workforce. In contrast to the typical assembly line, Dell builds productive and cohesive work teams in the manufacture of its various products. The company also conducts regular training and workshops in order to further the strengths and competencies of its human resource. This effort shows the company's concern in the growth and development of its employees as well as its way of ensuring that its workforce which will help the organization further its thrust for profitability and operational success.

Thomas Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hobbes Essay The philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, especially that of his major work, Leviathan, is designed to understand the motives of human nature and, from these, seek the surest way to civil peace. This is one of the earliest examples of a â€Å"scientific† method of understanding political science in that the commonwealth was to be built on a handful of axioms, all deriving from what Hobbes considered facts of human nature (cf. Matthews, 118). The nature of these axioms leading to civil peace is the purpose of this present essay. The primary understanding of human nature that, if applied properly, would lead to social peace is that human beings desire power. This is nearly identical to Machiavelli’s approach to politics. It seems that in both Hobbes and Machiavelli, human beings desire power, and hence, develop â€Å"moral† systems that justify the present holding or seeking of power (Morgan, 528-530, and 581-582). But the nature of this axiom is that people are naturally programmed to seek power and no matter of moral suasion will stop this. Hobbes wants to begin from a single concept and build upon it rather than attempt to suppress it, since any attempt at suppression itself proves the axiom correct. If human nature is taken seriously rather than covered over with metaphysical theories, then peace might be the consequent: human beings must be taken as they are, not as one might want them to be. If the above axiom is true, that is, people desire power, than many other axioms follow from it. The first axiom that follows from the first is that reason is a slave to the passions (Morgan, 641). Reason, in other words, cannot provide ends, but merely means, and significantly, justifications after the fact. Appealing to reason is hence, not appropriate with such a view of humanity, and only the appeal to passion will work here. Passion is nothing that can be suppressed, but it can be controlled. Passion is the engine of human nature in a similar sense that hunks of matter in a vacuum will continue in constant morion unless acted upon by another force. This is an exact parallel to Hobbes here, and the only opposing force to passionate human motion is other human beings, and hence, the problem: humans are constantly, following from this, in a state of war. What makes this state of war particularly harsh is that the abilities of human beings as individuals, or organizing into groups, are roughly equal (Morgan, 591). This means that the war of all against all will continue constantly, with no clear winner. Any â€Å"winner† will be only a temporary winner, and will soon be dethroned by another faction. The fact of equality is not something here taken from observation, but from a deduction from â€Å"atomic† theory (or at least, the theories of matter current at the time), where atoms, in their basic structure, are all the same. Matter is matter, energy is energy, humans are humans. From the above, it follows that human beings are determined. Free will, to an extent, is rejected in Hobbes. For him, liberty is the ability to do what one wills without outside opposition (Morgan, 621). This is consistent with determinism in that the will must have a reason, that is, a cause, for having the desire it has and bringing it to fruition. Hence, man is determined, but since he does what he wants, he is thus free. This just underscores the fact that reason is impotent to being about peace, only the passions can be appealed to in that the constant clashing of wills and the frustration of one’s freedom as Hobbes describes it is constant warfare. From the above, Hobbes deduces that humanity is egocentric, power hungry and willful, and as a result, without some countervailing power, is in a constant state of warfare. The nature of this countervailing power is the real centerpiece of the Leviathan. The general point is that if humanity can be reduced to a few, simple, clear axioms that follow logically from one another, as any good scientific theory should do, then the state, the countervailing power that keeps these human â€Å"atoms† in line relative to one another, should also be simple, unified and follow logically from the axioms about human nature. Hence, Hobbes is seeking to be completely scientific and a â€Å"realist† about both humanity and the state that they will live under in order to reach peace. At this point in the logical progression, it seems impossible to live in a state of peace. Human beings are depicted as lustful, egocentric and equal beings constantly in a state of motion and hence, clashing with all other peoples, essentially hunks of matter in motion, connected to an almost arbitrary engine of passion. But it is the Leviathan that will bring this peace, and it is passion that it will use to justify itself and bring peace to the commonwealth. Hobbes describes humanity prior to all law and custom, that is, the â€Å"law of nature. † The primary motive force of humanity is power, considered generally. But if warfare is a constant feature of the â€Å"state of nature,† then the drive for power for each and all is constantly being frustrated. It seems logical to hold that eventually, these egocentric people will constantly see their designs thwarted and their purposes constantly harmed y others. From this, all those that seek power, that is, everyone, will be forced to come to some agreement, a â€Å"covenant† among themselves that will provide a measure of peace so that the power struggle can continue in more peaceful channels. This is the nature of the covenant (Morgan, 594). This agreement comes not about through reason, but through the constant frustration of passion. Reason is a means to an end, and power is always that end. But power cannot be had in the state of nature given its constantly shifting nature, and therefore, reason then acts as a slave to passion and demands some kind of agreement, a contract that will bring peace. The nature of this covenant must follow from the facts of human nature outlined above. Hence, it cannot really be a parliamentary democracy because that merely leaves the state of nature intact, one faction constantly unseating another, leading to the same chaos as before. The kind of state that is agreed upon is basically a dictatorship of a party that must act equally between individuals and factions within the society. All power is hence transferred to the state, the dictatorship, and in return, this power is used to keep the warring factions from destroying each other. The only real demand laid on the state is that of objectivity in judging among the factions, and hence, the state must ultimately be a monarchy (of sorts), equidistant from all centers of power in society and hence, able to judge among them fairly (Morgan, 613). Putting this differently, if power is the desire of all individuals and factions, then it follows that the state exists solely for security (Morgan, 606). If humanity is described in axiomatic terms all following one from another, and the state is itself part of this logical progression, then it also follows that the nature of the state’s action also must follow from the above. This means that the state is unitary, dedicated to one purpose and based on a rule of law that is simple and dedicated entirely to security and, according to the contract, treats all individuals and factions as morally equal to one another (Morgan, 641). The logical structure of the Leviathan comes down to working out contradictions in the axiomatic description of human beings. If human beings desire power and cannot get it in the state of nature, then a powerful state must be crated that permits humanity to live and seek after power through peaceful means. But since no faction will permit one group to rule at the expense of all others, the state must be single, focused and based on an agreed upon set of laws (a â€Å"constitution†) that enshrines this concept of political equality. Only then can all factions agree to give up their violent ways to the central authority. Since human beings are egocentric and passionate, the state based on the rule of law agreed to by all factions beforehand follows logically. The terms â€Å"peace† and â€Å"justice† are used here in highly technical and scientific ways that part radically with previous attempts to define and justify these words. Peace, according to Hobbes, is merely the absence of war (Morgan, 592). It simply is a state of affairs that permits power hungry individuals to pursue their designs in a peaceful manner. Any breach of this peace will, ideally, lead to swift and harsh action from the state that they have empowered to keep watch over their actions. Justice is similar in that it is based on knowledge. The early parts of the Leviathan are based on a scientific method, a means of coming to know human nature as generally and simply as possible. Justice just flows from this. Ultimately, justice derives from science, which is the knowledge of good and evil (Morgan, 603). In practice, this merely means that humans are attracted by the same set of things, and recoil from the same set of things. If power and what it implies are seen in the former, then the frustration of their liberty (as defined above) is what repels them. This knowledge alone allows one to see the basis and ultimate justice of the state. Hence, justice is defined accordingly, as the ability of the person, or, at last, the state, to control the passions of the population when they threaten to disrupt the precarious balance of peace in the commonwealth (Morgan, 599-600). But this is understood by all who are punished by the state in that they have agreed to this on the basis that their own liberty is endlessly obstructed by others in the state of nature. But, as a final thought, this is the very nature of one’s civic duty–to eliminate all private desires and to follow the laws as laid down by the sovereign and agreed upon by those who have demanded these laws (Morgan, 610-611). Duty is not something that is arrived at through reason, but through the passionate desire for power. It is frustrated in the state of nature, but permitted to function freely under the rule of law. There is no â€Å"thick† view of civic duty here, but rather, the control over one’s passions in the interest of those same passions, to permit them to develop in peace. The desire for peace derives from the identical desire for power, except that this desire is frustrated in a state of war. This is what makes Hobbes compelling: the approach to politics could not be simpler. The concept of civic duty is summed up by Hobbes as the act of giving up â€Å"governing oneself† (Morgan, 608), and permitting the more violent elements of one’s passion to be governed by the state only. What is left to the person is the peaceful pursuit of his passionate desires. Politically speaking, the commonwealth is that entity that exists for the sake of peace and security by the efficient control of the private desires of the people involved. In its place, the public will as expressed by the laws of the sovereign so far as they do not violate the very simple terms of the contract. In conclusion, the nature of peace and civic duty for Hobbes are two sides of the same coin. The public persona of the person in the commonwealth is as a public entity, a person dedicated to civic peace and dedicated to the elimination of all personal desires relative to other members of the community. The final end, according to Hobbes’ own description is the pursuit of power by peaceful means, engaging in commerce, etc. The sovereign is the public persona and serves to maintain this persona within the personalities of all involved.

Use of Proper Judgment in Othello :: Othello essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A central tenet of Othello is the concept of proper judgment, and to always use it when making decisions. The renaissance definition of proper judgment can be illustrated by the "hierarchy of proper judgment." Governing all is reason, which includes understanding and will. Below reason are common sense, memory, and imagination. Finally, at the bottom are the 5 senses, emotions, and passions. In order to judge properly, it was believed that reason had to govern all else. Proper judgment could never occur if only one item was relied upon to make the decision. In Othello, Shakespeare uses this concept to demonstrate how proper judgment occurs, and the consequences when it does not.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first scene in which proper judgment is used is when the Duke makes a decision as to what should be done about the expected Turkish invasion. He does not immediately act on the information he receives, instead, he thinks out the steps logically. When he states, "I do not so secure me in the error, but the main article I do approve in the fearful sense (I 3 12-14)," he is showing that he will not rely solely on the information he is receiving, but also use common sense, memory, and understanding, and therefore judge properly. Only after Proper judgment was used did he take action, and therefore avoid disaster. The Duke is a model of Proper judgment who can be compared to other characters in the play to show their weaknesses and shortcomings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the same scene, proper judgment is demonstrated again by the Duke, when he is faced with the mater of Othello marrying Desdemona. Initially, the Duke rejects wise judgment by promising to allow Brabantio to sentence whoever had done this to whatever punishment he saw fit, without analyzing the situation further, and without even knowing who that man was. However, upon assessing the situation more, he realizes the consequences of not using Proper judgment, and, after hearing all sides of the story, tell Brabantio to "Take up this mangled matter at best. Men do their broken weapons rather use than their bare hands (I 3 199-201)." Later on, he gives Brabantio wise advice when he tells him that "to mourn a mischief that is past and gone is the next way to draw new mischief in (I 3

Nutritional Considerations for Ice Hockey Athletes Essay

Nutrition is essential for one and all. Research has shown that optimal nutrition is critical for both physical and mental performance. Optimal nutrition means that which is neither excess nor deficient. Optimal nutrition has an important role in the performance of sportsmen. Nutrition is also important during practice and training sessions so that overtraining does not occur. The type of nutrition essential for each sport is different depending on the level of physical activity involved. Ice hockey is one of the high range sports which require high intensity training and also high intensity performance. This research explores the optimal nutrition requirement of ice hockey athletes. Energy requirements of ice hockey The human body expends energy in one of three ways: through the basal metabolic rate, through thermogenesis, or through physical activity. The basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy expenditure required to carry on normal biological functions and reactions in the body, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and carrying out the process of waste management. It accounts for roughly 75% of the daily energy expenditure. Physical activity deals with energy expended during periods of exercise, and it accounts for around 18% of total energy expenditure. Dietary thermogenesis is the energy expenditure required for the digestion, absorption, and transportation of food. Some individuals expend more calories in thermogenesis than others, and this phenomenon accounts for the slight metabolic differences between obese and lean individuals. Dietary thermogenesis accounts for 7% of energy expenditure (â€Å"The Weight Loss Equation† 2004). While basal metabolic rate and dietary themogenesis remain almost same for all, physical activity varies from individual to individual and from one sport to another. Ice hockey is a fast-paced, physical team sport which is played on ice. The sport involves intermittent high intensity skating, rapid changes in duration and velocity and also frequent body contact (Montgomery, 1988). Typically, a player performs for about 15 to 20 minutes in a game which lasts for 60 minutes. Each shift lasts for about 30 to 80 seconds which is followed by a 4- 5 minute recovery time (Montgomery, 1988). Each shift is a high intensity burst demanding good muscle strength and power and also anaerobic endurance. Heart rates during a shift exceed 90% HR max. Blood lactate levels soar during the game proving that ice hockey is anaerobic in nature. Both anaerobic and aerobic systems of energy are important for performance in the game. When energy is derived after combustion of carbohydrates and fat in the presence of oxygen, it is known as aerobic metabolism. The by-products of such a metabolism are carbon-di-oxide and water which are disposed off through breathing and sweating. Aerobic metabolism comes into picture for energy expenditure during rest and low intensity exercises or physical activity. During this type of metabolism, energy is derived from glucose and fat in the presence of oxygen. The stored glycogen in the muscles is broken down to glucose which is further broken down using oxygen to create energy. When glycogen stores are depleted, fat metabolism is initiated for energy replenishment. Fat metabolism is a slow process and when this is used for energy, performance declines. As the intensity of physical activity progresses, energy begins to be derived from anaerobic metabolism where energy is produced from glycogen or sugar in the absence of oxygen. This is because higher intensities of exercise need more energy which cannot be supplied by aerobic metabolism. The change from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism is known as metabolism threshold. The waste products of anaerobic metabolism are pyruvic acid and lactic acid which cause fatigue and soreness in the muscles (Scott, 2005). Anaerobic exercise is much less efficient that aerobic exercise and hence requires lot of training. The first thing in a sport like ice hockey is to ensure that the player is consuming sufficient number of calories so that energy can be spent. Ice hockey involves intense training. Players of this sport expend atleast 600-1200kcals during workout. Hence ideal calorie requirements of these athletes are about 50- 80kcals/kg/day which amounts to 2500- 8000kcals/day for a 50-100kg weighing athlete. Some may even require 12,000kcals/day (Casa et al, 2000). According to the Canada Food Guide (qtd. in Bullard, 1978), essential components of food for any individual are proteins, fat and carbohydrates. These must be blended in such a way that they contain sufficient essential minerals and vitamins. There are four basic foods which make this possible. They are 2- 4 servings of milk or milk products like whole or 2% skim milk, butter milk, reconstituted evaporated or dry milk and cheese, 3- 5 servings of bread and cereals, 2 servings of meat and alternates like poultry, liver, fish, lean meat, cooked dried peas, nuts, beans or lentils, cheddar, cottage cheese, processed cheese and eggs, and 4- 5 servings of fruit and vegetables. This food can supply about 1000 to 1400 calories per day. Additional calories can be supplied by increasing the number or size of servings. Each individual has different needs of calories and nutrients based on the age, sex, size of body, daily activities and growth. For athletes, extra nutrition is essential not only to maintain body weight, but also to allow for exercise, training and competition. Consuming energy deficient diet leads to weight loss, muscle mass loss, physical symptoms, psychological symptoms of over training and also performance reduction. In females, eating disorders can develop (Krieder et al, 2002). Muscle strength Muscle strength is very essential for ice hockey playing because shifts involve intense body contact and high intensity and high speed skating. To develop adequate muscle strength, appropriate training is essential. Elements of strength training include hypertrophy, maximal strength, explosive power, strength endurance and periodization. Hypertrophy of muscles is essential in ice hockey players because the sport is involved with aggressive body contact. However, too much bulk is a hindrance and hence only optimal hypertrophy is aimed at (Tikkaja et al, 2003). Maximal strength is that force which can be generated by the athlete to the maximal level. Maximal strength is essential to generate explosive power during performance which is essential during shifts. Maximal strength training does not lead to hypertrophy of muscles (Hoff et al, 2002). Explosive power training involves training the athlete to contract muscles in a fast manner which is needed in shifts. Strength endurance is important in ice hockey because of the speed and high intensity burst that the sport demands. Periodisation allows sports-specific strength to peak at the right moment, i. e. the shift. For a good training program to run, a well designed diet must be there which meets the needs of energy intake and also incorporates appropriate timing of nutrients. Research has proven that a good diet helps in the adaptation of training and a bad diet impedes adaptation to training (Krieder et al, 2002) Hydration Water accounts for 73% of lean body mass. During any exercise, evaporation of sweat occurs as a method to regulate the core temperature of the body. The same is the case with ice hockey. Sweating causes loss of valuable fluids from the body which has only a finite reservoir of water. Hence if the lost fluids are not replaced in a timely manner, dehydration can result. Dehydration leading to 1-2% loss in body weight can compromise the physiologic function and thus affect performance (Casa et al, 2000). Once the loss of weight reaches 3%, exertional heat illnesses like heat exhaustion, heat cramps and heat stroke can occur (Casa et al, 2000). Dehydration during physical activity of sports is very common. Dehydration can develop within one hour of physical activity or even in a shorter duration of time. Dehydration can be minimized or even prevented by following proper dehydration prevention protocols (Casa et al, 2000). One of the indicators of hydration during exercise sessions is to check weight before, during and after the sessions. This is useful provided the players enter the exercise session fully hydrated. This form of monitoring for fluid loss is reliable and helps the player rehydrate in a timely manner. Another reliable method of monitoring hydration status is specific gravity checking of urine with a refractometer. Urine volume assessment and urine color comparison methods are less popular methods of hydration status assessment (Casa et al, 2000). According to the guidelines set by the National Athletic Trainer’s Association (Casa et al, 2000), an athlete must consume approximately 500- 600ml of water or sports drink 2- 3hours prior to practice session or game and about 200- 300ml of water or sports drink prior to onset of exercise. During the game or practice session fluids must be consumed to make up losses. This can be done by taking 200- 300ml every 10-20 minutes. After the exercise, rehydration must be done to replace losses during the session. Electrolytes must also be included in the fluids to speed rehydration. Usually cool fluids are recommended so that the player takes more fluid inside. Bad signs and symptoms of dehydration include irritability, thirst, general discomfort, headache, dizziness, chills, vomiting, nausea and decreased performance. Other dehydration signs include weariness, flushed skin, apathy and heat sensations on head and neck. Sodium chloride must be included in the fluid replacement beverage when there is inadequate access to meals. Modest amounts of sodium ranging between 0. 3- 0. 7g/L can offset salt loss which occurs in sweating. Ideal rehydration fluid An ideal rehydration fluid will consist of 60 grams of carbohydrate in 1 liter of fluid. This concentration of fluid will not hinder fluid absorption and at the same time will provide the required carbohydrate for refuelling (Casa et al, 2000). Role of proteins Proteins are very essential when heavy work is done for prolonged periods and also during periods of growth. May sportsmen are of the opinion that proteins are the primary sources of energy for muscles. However, this is not true because, when other substrates are available, protein is seldom used for derivation of energy. A well balanced diet will have sufficient protein for building of muscles and hence there is no justification for the use of expensive high-protein diets (Casa et al, 2000). High intense trainers like ice hockey players will need about 1. – 2g per kg per day of protein which is twice the RDA recommendation for general population. Insufficient protein intake can result in negative nitrogen balance which increases protein catabolism and slows recovery time. This can contribute to intolerance of training and loss of muscle mass. The type of protein consumed is also important. Best sources of protein include skinless chicken, egg white, skim milk and egg white (Krieder et al, 2004).. Role of fat Fat is very rich in calories. Each gram of fat when burnt, releases 9KCals. However, metabolic breakdown of fat utilizes more oxygen and thus maximum physical efficiency is not possible when a diet which is rich in fat is consumed. However, some amount of fat is essential for flavouring of food, reservation of energy stores and body insulation (Casa et al, 2000). The dietary recommendations for fat intake in athletes are similar to those recommended for non-athletes. For an athlete, it is essential to maintain energy balance, replenish intramuscular triacyl glycerol and also take essential fatty acids (Krieder et al, 2004). Role of carbohydrates During exercise, body uses 30-60 g of carbohydrates per hour. Ice hockey players will need 400-1500 grams of carbohydrate (50-150kg body weight) to maintain the glycogen levels of the muscle. Majority of the carbohydrate in the diet must come from complex carbohydrates which have low-to-moderate glycemic index. Some of such carbohydrates are starches, grains, maltodextrins and fruit. Since it is difficult to consume solid carbohydrate during intense training, experts recommend that carbohydrates may be taken in the form of concentrated carbohydrate juices and drinks (Krieder et al, 2004). Vitamins Vitamins are essential for energy synthesis, prevention of cell destruction, maintenance of neurological processes and regulation of metabolic processes. Basically there are 2 types of vitamins, the fat soluble and the non-fat soluble. Vitamins A, D,E and K are fat soluble and Vitamins B and C are water soluble (Krieder et al, 2004). Athletes need as much vitamins as non-athletes. There is no evidence to definitely prove that increased vitamin consumption increases performance.

111135197X 38570 Essay example - 17696 Words

Writing Clearly: Grammar for Editing, 3E by Janet Lane and Ellen Lange Table of Contents: Answer Key SECTION 1 UNIT 1 Verb Tenses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 UNIT 2 Verb Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....7 UNIT 3 Modals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 UNIT 4 Conditional Sentences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 UNIT 5 Passive Voice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....16 UNIT 6 Relative, Adverbial, and Noun Clauses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 UNIT 7 Sentence Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.24 UNIT 8 Word Order†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 UNIT 9 Connecting Words†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....29 SECTION 2 UNIT 10 Subject-Verb Agreement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.32 UNIT 11 Articles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦34 UNIT 12 Singular and Plural of Nouns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....36 UNIT 13 Word Choice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....38 UNIT 14 Word†¦show more content†¦Option B I have a positive attitude toward writing in English. When I first came to the United States, I was very confused about using English, a new and strange language. But as time has gone by, my feeling toward the language has begun to change. I have forced OR force myself to write even though it was hard at first. I have written (OR write) a lot, and I have become (OR become OR am becoming) more confident each time I write. (The rest of the paragraph remains the same as Option A.) Exercise 5 (page 24) Children of immigrants who do not speak English often function more like adults than children. As a child of immigrant parents myself, I have often had to act as an adult. Ever since my family arrived here five years ago, I have taken (OR have been taking) care of them in many ways. I have had to pay the rent, the utilities, the telephone, and any other bills. I have translated (OR translate) letters from English to Vietnamese for the whole family. When a family member is sick (OR has been), I have gone (OR go) along to the doctor to explain the problem and to translate the doctors suggestions. I believe it has been good for me to do all these things because it has prepared (OR prepares OR is preparing) me for what I will face when I am living on my own. Having adult responsibilities has given (OR gives OR is giving) me the chance to understand what the world is like outside of my home. It provides me with hands-on training and has been beneficial for me.